Chemistry

molecule Apas Cloud

Draws a molecular structure from SMILES using validated atom and bond connectivity; skeletal carbon labels are omitted by convention.

• smiles (string) -- SMILES such as CCO, c1ccccc1, or [Na+].[Cl-]

moleculeSmiles Apas Cloud

Explicit name for molecule(): parses SMILES into a validated chemical graph and lays it out as a diagram.

• smiles (string) -- SMILES with branches, rings, aromatic bonds, isotopes, charges, stereochemistry, or disconnected ions

moleculeMolfile Apas Cloud

Parses MDL Molfile V2000 connectivity and draws the validated molecular graph. Coordinates in the file are currently relaid out consistently by gtgraphics.

• molfile (string) -- complete Molfile V2000 text

lewisDiagram Apas Cloud

Draws a Lewis structure from a supported molecular formula, with bonds, formal charges and colored lone-pair electron dots.

• formula (string) -- a formula supported by the gtchemistry molecular picture catalogue, such as H2O, CO or CO3^2-

vsepr Apas Cloud

Draws a school-level VSEPR molecule shape with central-atom lone pairs from a supported formula, such as H2O or NH3. Formula alone cannot identify every molecular structure.

• formula (string) -- a formula supported by the gtchemistry VSEPR picture catalogue

vseprPanel Apas Cloud

Shows two to four labeled VSEPR structures together in one compact comparison panel.

• formula (string) -- a supported single-central-atom formula; provide two to four formulas

ionicLattice Apas Cloud

Draws a colored checkerboard plane section of an alternating ionic crystal; this shows a lattice slice, not an isolated ion pair.

• cation (string) -- cation label, such as Na⁺
• anion (string) -- anion label, such as Cl⁻
• rows (integer) -- number of ion rows, from 1 to 10
• columns (integer) -- number of ion columns, from 1 to 10

resonancePanel Apas Cloud

Shows two explicit Lewis contributors side by side with a resonance arrow; the structures are supplied as SMILES.

• contributor1 (string) -- SMILES for the first canonical contributor
• contributor2 (string) -- SMILES for the second canonical contributor

hydrogenBondDiagram Apas Cloud

Draws a labeled O-H···O intermolecular hydrogen bond, distinguishing the dashed attraction from the solid covalent bond.

molecularOrbitals Apas Cloud

Draws qualitative molecular orbital energy levels and electron filling for supported homonuclear second-period diatomics from Be2 through Ne2, including ions.

• species (string) -- supported species such as N2, O2, O2^+, or O2^2-

reactionScheme Apas Cloud

Composes two validated SMILES structures into a reaction scheme with an arrow and optional conditions.

• reactant (string) -- reactant SMILES
• product (string) -- product SMILES
• conditions (string) -- optional reagent or conditions shown above the arrow

conformation Apas Cloud

Draws a Newman or sawhorse projection of staggered or eclipsed ethane.

• view (string) -- newman or sawhorse
• state (string) -- staggered or eclipsed

apparatus Apas Cloud

Draws parameterized native laboratory apparatus with optional contents and fill percentage. A gas jar shows particles rather than liquid; a separatory funnel label containing / shows two immiscible layers, with the first named layer on top.

• kind (string) -- beaker, gas_jar, test_tube, flask, separatory_funnel, burette, chromatography_column, or condenser
• contents (string) -- optional contents label
• level (integer) -- optional fill percentage from 0 through 100; for a gas jar this controls schematic particle density; default 55

particleContainer Apas Cloud

Fills a native container with a deterministic solid, liquid, or gas particle model.

• state (string) -- solid, liquid, or gas
• label (string) -- sample label
• count (integer) -- visible particles from 1 through 40

electrochemicalCell Apas Cloud

Draws two half-cells, electrodes, external electron flow, and a salt bridge from four labels.

• anode (string) -- anode material
• anodeIon (string) -- anode solution species
• cathode (string) -- cathode material
• cathodeIon (string) -- cathode solution species

reactionEnergyDiagram Apas Cloud

Draws a labelled one-step exothermic or endothermic profile, or a two-step profile with an intermediate.

• kind (string) -- exothermic, endothermic, or two_step

electronMovement Apas Cloud

Places a curved electron-movement arrow over a validated SMILES structure. One-based atom:N or bond:N selectors attach its ends to atoms or bond midpoints; source-only lonePair:N checks for an available main-group lone pair and draws two dots. An optional pair or single mode draws a full or fish-hook arrow. This is a teaching annotation; it does not validate a reaction mechanism.

• smiles (string) -- molecular structure in SMILES
• source (string) -- electron source label
• target (string) -- electron target label
• sourceAnchor (string) -- optional source selector such as atom:1, bond:1, or lonePair:1
• targetAnchor (string) -- optional target selector such as atom:2 or bond:2
• electrons (string) -- optional pair (default) or single arrowhead

conformationEnergyDiagram Apas Cloud

Draws the periodic torsional-energy profile of ethane with staggered minima and eclipsed maxima.

atomBuilder Apas Cloud

Builds a neutral isotope from atomic number Z and mass number A. By default shows Bohr shells with filled electron dots and compact P/N counts in the nucleus; isotope and shell counts appear below the picture. Choose orbital or compact for quantum orbital boxes.

• atomicNumber (integer) -- Z, from 1 through 118
• massNumber (integer) -- A, at least Z
• mode (string) -- optional: bohr (default), orbital/full, or compact noble-gas orbital boxes

bohrModel Apas Cloud

Draws a school-level Bohr shell picture for a neutral isotope: Z protons and A-Z neutrons shown as P/N counts in the nucleus, and Z filled electron dots arranged by K through Q shells. A typeset caption carries isotope and shell counts. The circles mark shells, not measured electron paths.

• atomicNumber (integer) -- Z from 1 through 118
• massNumber (integer) -- A, at least Z

bohrFilling Apas Cloud

Shows 0 through Z electron dots on a selected isotope's Bohr shells for a step-by-step school diagram. Intermediate steps are teaching stages of the final shell pattern.

• atomicNumber (integer) -- Z from 1 through 118
• massNumber (integer) -- A, at least Z
• step (integer) -- visible electrons, 0 through Z

orbitalDiagram Apas Cloud

Shows ground-state orbital boxes, configuration, and unpaired-electron count for an atom or monatomic ion. Supports full or compact noble-gas-core display.

• atomOrIon (string) -- element symbol or monatomic ion, for example Fe, Fe+, Fe++, Fe2+, or Fe^2+
• mode (string) -- optional: full (default) or compact

orbitalFilling Apas Cloud

Shows the first step electrons of a selected atom's final ground-state pattern. Use a slider for an animated classroom walkthrough; intermediate steps are display stages, not physical excited states.

• atomicNumber (integer) -- Z from 1 through 118
• step (integer) -- visible electrons from 0 through Z

orbitalShape Apas Cloud

Shows labelled schematic orbital orientations for s, p, and d. For f, labels the seven magnetic sublevels without inventing spatial surfaces. Lobes are teaching illustrations, not probability surfaces or electron paths.

• subshell (string) -- s, p, d, or f

hybridisation Apas Cloud

Shows a supported single-central-atom VSEPR structure with bonding domains, lone pairs, shape, hybridisation model, ideal angles, and a measured angle when known.

• formula (string) -- a supported unambiguous formula such as CH4, NH3, or H2O

hybridOrbitals Apas Cloud

Animated drawing of the school-level s/p mixing model and directional hybrid orbitals. sp3d and sp3d2 are formal domain labels, not a claim of literal d-orbital participation.

• kind (string) -- sp, sp2, sp3, sp3d, or sp3d2

bondingModel Apas Cloud

Shows sigma and pi bonding for an explicit ethene or ethyne C-C connection, with each carbon's hybridisation. The second pi plane in ethyne is labelled perpendicular.

• smiles (string) -- C=C or C#C

moleculeLegacy Apas Cloud

Compatibility name for vsepr(). A formula does not uniquely identify most organic structures.

• formula (string) -- a formula supported by the gtchemistry VSEPR picture catalogue, such as H2O

moleculeFormula Apas Cloud

Alias of vsepr() for formula-based VSEPR diagrams.

• formula (string) -- a formula supported by the gtchemistry VSEPR picture catalogue

moleculeCompare Apas Cloud

Draws the VSEPR formula model and connectivity-based SMILES structure side by side for teaching their different purposes.

• formula (string) -- formula for the VSEPR renderer
• smiles (string) -- SMILES connectivity for the graph renderer

atomicNumber Apas Cloud

Returns an element’s atomic number from its symbol.

• symbol (string) --

atomicWeight Apas Cloud

Returns the standard atomic weight of an element.

• symbol (string) --

electronegativity Apas Cloud

Returns the Pauling electronegativity when the element has a tabulated value.

• symbol (string) --

electronConfiguration Apas Cloud

Returns the ground-state electron configuration; choose compact for noble-gas notation.

• symbol (string) --
• mode (string) -- Optional; see function description.

molarMass Apas Cloud

Calculates molar mass in g mol⁻¹ from an element or chemical formula.

• formula (string) --

molesFromMass Apas Cloud

Converts a mass in grams to moles using the formula molar mass.

• mass_g (number) --
• formula (string) --

massFromMoles Apas Cloud

Converts moles to mass in grams using the formula molar mass.

• moles (number) --
• formula (string) --

particlesFromMoles Apas Cloud

Converts moles to particles using the SI Avogadro constant.

• moles (number) --

molesFromParticles Apas Cloud

Converts a particle count to moles using the SI Avogadro constant.

• particles (number) --

particlesFromMass Apas Cloud

Converts a mass in grams to a particle count for the given formula.

• mass_g (number) --
• formula (string) --

percentYield Apas Cloud

Calculates actual yield divided by theoretical yield, as a percentage.

• actual_mass_g (number) --
• theoretical_mass_g (number) --

degreeOfUnsaturation Apas Cloud

Calculates the degree of unsaturation from a molecular formula.

• formula (string) --

oxidationNumber Apas Cloud

Calculates the average oxidation number of the selected element in a formula.

• formula (string) --
• element (string) --

balanceReaction Apas Cloud

Balances a reaction and returns its coefficients in reactant-then-product order.

• equation (string) --

molarity Apas Cloud

Calculates molarity in mol L⁻¹ from solute moles and solution volume in litres.

• solute_moles (number) --
• solution_volume_l (number) --

molality Apas Cloud

Calculates molality in mol kg⁻¹ from solute moles and solvent mass in grams.

• solute_moles (number) --
• solvent_mass_g (number) --

moleFraction Apas Cloud

Calculates component moles divided by total moles.

• component_moles (number) --
• total_moles (number) --

massPercent Apas Cloud

Calculates solute mass as a percentage of solution mass.

• solute_mass_g (number) --
• solution_mass_g (number) --

ppm Apas Cloud

Calculates parts per million by mass.

• solute_mass_g (number) --
• solution_mass_g (number) --

dilutedConcentration Apas Cloud

Calculates final concentration using C₁V₁ = C₂V₂.

• initial_concentration (number) --
• initial_volume (number) --
• final_volume (number) --

idealPressure Apas Cloud

Solves the ideal gas law for pressure in atm.

• moles (number) --
• volume_l (number) --
• temperature_k (number) --

idealVolume Apas Cloud

Solves the ideal gas law for volume in litres.

• moles (number) --
• pressure_atm (number) --
• temperature_k (number) --

idealMoles Apas Cloud

Solves the ideal gas law for amount in moles.

• pressure_atm (number) --
• volume_l (number) --
• temperature_k (number) --

idealTemperature Apas Cloud

Solves the ideal gas law for temperature in kelvin.

• pressure_atm (number) --
• volume_l (number) --
• moles (number) --

pH Apas Cloud

Calculates pH from hydrogen-ion concentration in mol L⁻¹ using the dilute-solution convention.

• hydrogen_concentration (number) --

pOH Apas Cloud

Calculates pOH from hydroxide-ion concentration in mol L⁻¹ using the 25 °C convention.

• hydroxide_concentration (number) --

hydrogenFromPH Apas Cloud

Calculates hydrogen-ion concentration in mol L⁻¹ from pH.

• pH (number) --

hydroxideFromPOH Apas Cloud

Calculates hydroxide-ion concentration in mol L⁻¹ from pOH.

• pOH (number) --

weakAcidHydrogen Apas Cloud

Solves the weak-acid equilibrium for hydrogen-ion concentration from initial concentration and Ka.

• concentration (number) --
• Ka (number) --

bohrEnergy Apas Cloud

Calculates the hydrogen-like Bohr energy level in eV for atomic number Z and principal level n.

• atomic_number (integer) --
• n (integer) --

rydbergWavelength Apas Cloud

Calculates a hydrogen-like emission wavelength in metres for an initial level above a final level. Optional constant: hydrogen (default) or infinite_mass.

• atomic_number (integer) --
• initial_n (integer) --
• final_n (integer) --
• constant (string) -- Optional; see function description.

firstOrderConcentration Apas Cloud

Calculates remaining concentration for a first-order reaction.

• initial_concentration (number) --
• rate_constant (number) --
• time (number) --

firstOrderHalfLife Apas Cloud

Calculates first-order half-life from the rate constant.

• rate_constant (number) --

secondOrderConcentration Apas Cloud

Calculates remaining concentration for a second-order reaction.

• initial_concentration (number) --
• rate_constant (number) --
• time (number) --

secondOrderHalfLife Apas Cloud

Calculates second-order half-life from initial concentration and rate constant.

• initial_concentration (number) --
• rate_constant (number) --

arrheniusRate Apas Cloud

Calculates the rate constant at a second temperature using the Arrhenius relation. Activation energy is in J mol⁻¹ and temperatures are in kelvin.

• rate_1 (number) --
• activation_energy_j (number) --
• temperature_1_k (number) --
• temperature_2_k (number) --

gibbsFreeEnergy Apas Cloud

Calculates ΔG = ΔH − TΔS. Use J mol⁻¹, K, and J mol⁻¹ K⁻¹.

• delta_h_j (number) --
• temperature_k (number) --
• delta_s_j_per_k (number) --

equilibriumKFromDeltaG Apas Cloud

Calculates the equilibrium constant from standard ΔG in J mol⁻¹ and temperature in kelvin.

• delta_g_j (number) --
• temperature_k (number) --

cellEmf Apas Cloud

Calculates standard cell potential as cathode reduction potential minus anode reduction potential.

• cathode_potential_v (number) --
• anode_potential_v (number) --

deltaGFromEmf Apas Cloud

Calculates ΔG = −nFE in joules per mole from electron count and cell emf in volts.

• electron_count (integer) --
• emf_v (number) --